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National Association for Children of Alcoholics, "Additional Links to Other Resources." National Association for Children of Alcoholics. 2008. National Association for Children of Alcoholics. 8 Jun 2008. <http://www.nacoa.org/links.htm#nonprofitorganizations>.
This site provided by the National Association for Children of Alcoholics offers links to non-profit agencies Web sites as well as government agencies Web sites. There are a broad variety of organizations featured including Alcoholics Anonymous and National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc (NCADD). The organizations are mainly help links for children who have alcoholic parents. A reporter could use this site as a starting point into the investigation of what different organizations have to offer to children with alcoholic parents.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, "Databases/ Resources." Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science Database. December 2003. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 8 Jun 2008. http://etoh.niaaa.nih.gov/
This database from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism provided an abundant amount of resources on alcohol related issues. The database offers links to PubMed, which has millions of medical research articles, the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information databases that cover areas such as alcohol marketing and a treatment resource database. There are also links to many research journals as well. This site would be of great use to any reporter who is writing a story on the subject of alcohol abuse. This database hosts numerous links to other databases and research materials that contain very useful information.
Anderson, David S. Ph. D. Promising Practices: Campus Alcohol Strategies . 2001. Fairfax, Va: George Mason University, 2001.
This sourcebook focuses on promoting healthy choices for college students in regards to alcohol use. It is part of a project that started in 1995 to help address college drinking problems. Many colleges and universities across the nation were surveyed and reviewed to help compile the most effective ways to address and reduce alcohol abuse on campus. Along with the Promising Practices book there is also an interactive Web site that has links to the campuses surveyed and other resources used in the production of the book. The main goal of the book is to provide guidelines, leadership and inspiration to those who are trying to help others having problems with alcohol. This sourcebook would be very useful for administration and residence life on college campuses. It can be very hard sometimes for people to address tough issues like alcohol abuse. This book would help these people who will have to interact with students who have fallen into addiction or just one night of overuse. Also this book contains many other resources that will also be helpful in gathering information on alcohol abuse across college campuses.
National Institute of Health. National Institute of Health Almanac. 2007 ed. 2007.
The National Institute of Health is a government organization that puts out an almanac annually about various health issues facing the country. The almanac contains a specific section from the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism about the recent health discoveries on alcohol abuse. The Almanac contains research projects, data, surveys as well as national and international data. The Almanac would be very useful to reporters because they could add substantive data to a story. Also an annual story could be done about new health benefits or risks that have been discovered that year.
"Report on college substance abuse attacks culture of acceptance." Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Weekly. 19 (2007): 4-5.
In this brief essay the author explains some reasons why he or she feels there is an extensive amount of binge drinking on college campuses. The author points the finger mainly at university administration because the writer believes administration tends to look the other way instead of dealing with alcohol related problems first hand. The author feels there are not enough disciplinary actions being taken as well not enough educational programs for students to be informed about drinking consequences. Although this article features good points on alcohol abuse on college campuses, he or she seems to be biased against university administration. The article also makes very broad assumptions about all campuses. A reporter could use this story to investigate what type of educational programming colleges in their area provide for their students.
Pedersen, Eric R. "Partying Before the Party: Examining Prepartying Behavior Among College Students." Journal of American College Health Vol. 56 Issue 3. November/December 2007 237-245. 15 April 2008
This article is an examination of an activity college students participate in called “prepartying” or “pregaming.” “Prepartying” occurs usually in dorm rooms before students go out for the night to parties or events where they will then consume more alcohol. It is a very common way for college students to start out there night. This study from the Journal of American College Health surveyed 227 college students over a one month time frame. The results of the study gave great insight to motives for drinking and also revealed similarities between male and female “prepartying” patterns. This study also discusses the relationship between “prepartying” and negative consequences of drinking. This study would be helpful to confirm the negative effects of “prepartying” and binge drinking in general. The data includes an in-depth chart that maps out the average number of drinks men and women drink while “prepartying” and after they have gone out.
"Teen Binge Drinkers Risk Alcoholism and Social Exclusion as Adults." Teen Binge Drinkers Risk Alcoholism and Social Exclusion as Adults 17 Sept 2007 98. 8 Jun 2008
The article explains a study conducted over the past thirty years. Researchers monitor the health of more than 11,000 British children from 1970 until now to collect information on the effects of binge drinking on social issues and health issues in their later life. The study found that the subjects who drank more heavily in their younger years were more likely to drink and use illegal drugs in their later life as well. The people who were heavy binge drinkers at the age of 16 also were more likely to have a variety of other problems as well. This data could be used to make a story more credible. A reporter could also use this group data and apply it to other groups.
Talley, Tim. "US surgeon general promotes anti-underage drinking program." Associated Press State and Local Wire. 31 January 2008.
This article gives details on the risks of underage drinking. The U.S. Surgeon General was interviewed and gave his expert insight on consequences that can come of underage drinking such as unplanned sexual activity and violent behavior that can cause injury and even death. The article also addresses the server consequences that can occur from businesses selling alcohol to minors as well as minor’s illegally purchasing alcohol. The article also gives statistics on how many teens have tried alcohol at different ages. Seventy percent of teens have tried alcohol by the age of 18 which shows the immensity of the issue.
Farlow, Rita. "Teenagers Drinking A Lot More." The St. Petersburg Times. 04 April 2007, East ed.: Neighborhood Times 20.
This newspaper article details the progression of binge drinking towards heavier and more drinks and not more teens binge drinking. The articles is center on the Pinellas County Schools in Florida. Grade school and high school students were surveyed and alcohol was reported as the most common used drug among students. The article shows that not only are high students drinking alcohol but also young, grade school students are as well, which can have a great effect on their brains and development. Students also reported that they have driven in a car with a driver who had been drinking. The article would be a good start for a reporter in Pinellas County to investigate further into the details of the report. This article also shows that something needs to be done in this county to help keep alcohol and drugs off school grounds and out of the hands of such young children.
Steinberg , Paul. "The Hangover That Lasts; Binge Drinking." The International Herald Tribune [Washington]. 31 December 2007, 'natl. ed.: Opinion 6.
This article uses experimental data to depict the lasting effects that binge drinking in your early years of your life can cause. The University of North Carolina did research with lab rats to prove the cognitive damage years of binge drinking can cause. The study also stated that it is much more damaging to binge drink in your adolescent years than later in your life because your brain is still developing. This article is very important for adolescents who are engaging in this type of activity because they may not understand the damage they are doing to their body. The explanation of the research done really shows the validity of the data. This article could be useful for a health researcher so they can provide clear proof and explanations of the harm of binge drinking.
Tardiff, Joseph. Teen Alcoholism, 1st ed. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008.
This book would be a useful resource for the topic of teen alcohol abuse because the book covers a broad variety of topics. It not only covers the basic effects and patterns but also how the media portrays underage drinking. The book also gives first- hand experiences of what can come of alcohol abuse. Many creditable sources contributed to the publication including the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and doctors. Joseph Tardiff is an author who has also written a book on the risks of using marijuana.
Lankford, Ronnie D. Alcohol Abuse, 1st ed. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007
The book is a collection of essays covering issues from health benefits and harm, development, impulsive decisions from alcohol abuse, advertising, and how parents should handle their children’s alcohol intake. This book would be a very useful resource because it gives both sides of the issues it covers. For example one of the essays is titled “Alcohol advertising has no effect on underage drinking” and the next is titled “Alcohol advertising promotes underage drinking”. This would be a useful resource that would allow you to write a very balanced piece. Ronnie D. Lankford has also contributed article to various other publications including The Simon Magazine.
Harvey, HaiSong . Alcohol Abuse, 1st ed. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003.
This book is a collection of essays that counter each other. The focus of this book is more on the disease of alcoholism itself and treatments. The contributing authors are doctors and psychologist in the field. Edward A. Dreyfus contributed the essay “Alcoholism is not a disease” to the book. Dr. Dreyfus is a respected physiologist in the alcohol abuse field. Thomas Curtis Chace is an alcohol abuse counselor who writes about the benefits of the Alcohol Anonymous group. This book could be useful for someone to better understand the disease of alcoholism.
Koons, Terry . "The Buzz Video Voting." Ohio University Department of Health Promotions. 2008. Department of Health Promotions. 27 May 2008 http://www.ohio.edu/buzz/index.cfm.
The Ohio University’s Health Promotions Web site contains five videos that were self-produced by students for a campus wide competition. The five videos all have the theme of “stopping at the buzz” and being in control when drinking. These videos are witty, humorous, and relatable to college students. They give good reasons why it is not “cool” or responsible to get out of control when you drink. These videos will appeal to college students because they were produced by and feature their peers.
Freevibe, "Real Stories: Friendship and Drugs." Freevibe. 2008. National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign. 27 May 2008. http://www.freevibe.com/stepup/realstories.asp#.
The Freevibe Web site is sponsored by the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign. The Web site contains four recorded scenarios young adults have found themselves in after using drugs and alcohol. There is also a link after each recording that goes into more depth about the situation, explaining how to help a friend who is abusing or how others can help. This link is helpful because it not only allows young adults to relate through the recorded scenarios but also gives them tips on what to do or how to help others. The four scenarios cover different areas which makes the recordings easier to relate to a specific situation.
The Century Council, "Making Safe and Resonsible Decisions on Campus." Alcohol 101 Plus. 2003. The Century Council. 4 Jun 2008 <http://www.alcohol101plus.org/home.html>.
The Alcohol 101 Plus Web site is an interactive “University” aimed to educate and prepare students on what to expect when they enter college. The site offers links for first- year students, Greeks, and Athletes. There is an interactive campus consisting of the uptown bar, the residence hall, library, Greek row, and administrative buildings. Each building includes some sort of interactive medium, such as a short video clip, documents, or an educational presentation. The buildings each have their own theme as well, such as judicial issues when you click the administrative building, informational documents at the library, and fliers on sex, alcohol poisoning and other issues at the health center. There is even a virtual bar in which you can see how different drinking scenarios affect your blood alcohol level. This Web site is directed at the multimedia generation and can have a great impact on them. The interactive features are fun and realistic and will therefore keep students interested. This could be a great tool for in- coming freshmen students to help them prepare for situations they may find themselves in when they enter college.
Crossroads for Women. “Women and Substance Abuse.” Crossroads for Women. 5 June 2008. 7 June 2008. http://crossroadsforwomen.wordpress.com/
This blog is directed at the prevention and treatment of women suffering from alcohol addiction. The blog allows people to post their thoughts and ideas on the topic while being supervised by a web monitor. People post on a broad range of topics from health effects of alcohol abuse, fun ways to stay sober, current issues on the topic, and treatment centers. The blog would be helpful for women and their families struggling with alcohol abuse because the ideas and information are provided by people who have also gone through the struggle of alcohol abuse. It is also helpful that the site is monitored to maintain the validity of the information posted.
Choose Responsibility. “Choose Responsibility.” Choose Responsibility. 6 June 2008. 7 June 2008. http://blog.chooseresponsibility.org/.
This blog provides news coverage and personal posts from people about alcohol abuse prevention. The site also gives informational facts on reasons why the drinking age has been changed to twenty- one. The blog provides breaking news stories about alcohol use, including a current story about high school students getting in trouble at an after prom party because they were drinking. Also there are testimonials from teens who have been to rehab or who have just experienced problems with drinking alcohol. This site would be useful for teens who are struggling with abuse or who have found themselves in an alcohol related dilemma. This site would also be useful for reporters to find current news stories about alcohol related issues.
International Center for Alcohol Policies, 2007. International Center for Alcohol Policies . 7 June 2008. http://www.icap.org/
This site concentrates on the cultural contrasts of drinking habits around the world. One very useful tool that can be found on this Web site is a comprehensive table of all the countries in the world and there respected drinking and purchasing age for alcohol. Also, there is a table that describes what a standard drink is in each country in comparison to the grams of ethanol. This site would be very useful to researchers because of the comparisons among the countries. A researcher could use the data provided to investigate the correlation between drinking age of the country and other alcohol related issues, such drunk driving, violence, and young adult drinking.
Drink Wise Australia. 2007. Drink Wise Australia. 8 June 2008. http://www.drinkwise.com.au
Drink Wise is an Australian based organization that is working to promote a better and more responsible culture of drinking. The organization provides lecture to the Australian community about various high- risk drinking issues. They also undertake research projects to better understand the culture of binge drinking. This site would be very useful to a reporter in Australia to keep updated on alcohol related issues as well as monitor changes and events dealing with alcohol. Other countries could also use this site to compare what organizations in Australian are doing compared to their domestic organizations.
The Core Alcohol and Drug Survey, Southern Illinois University, "Results." Southern Illinois Core Institute. 20 March 2006 . Board of Trustees, Southern Illinois University. 4 Jun 2008. http://www.siu.edu/~coreinst/.
The Core Alcohol and Drug Survey is used to examine the degree to which undergraduate college students use drugs and alcohol and the consequences that follow. In 2005, 33,379 undergraduate students from approximately 53 colleges across the nation were surveyed. The data is grouped into four subcategories: demographics, prevalence, heavy and frequent use, and consequences. The demographics category gives the percentage of students surveyed that use alcohol based on their class rank, age, residence, ethnic origin, and gender. The survey also examines students’ use thirty days after entering college and yearly in the prevalence category. The survey also gives data of how many drinks students drank nightly based on gender and class rank. The consequences category gives a detailed list of some punishments and pain students may have after drinking, such as lose of memory, unwanted sexual encounters, and hangovers. This data would be very useful to examine different demographics and their alcohol abuse. Also, the consequences students have after drinking can be used to show people the risks of drinking. This data also seems to be very reliable because a large number of students from different universities were surveyed.
Alcohol Awareness Research Library, 2008. The Anheuser- Busch Company. 7 June 2008. http://www.alcoholstats.com.
The Alcohol Awareness Research Library is an extensively comprehensive source that provides research done in the areas of underage drinking, drunk driving, college drinking, responsible drinking, drinking advertisements, and state statistics. Each heading contains research on many topics, including spring break drinking research under the college drinking heading. There are documents, charts, and press releases for the studies. The studies cover and break down the collected data into demographics and race to make it easier to interpret. This site contains an extensive amount of useful information for reporters and researchers. A researcher could use the statistical data provided as a basis for a news story.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Safety Office of Applied Science. "2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse." U.S. Department of Health and Human Safety Office of Applied Science. 16 May 2008. U.S. Department of Health and Human Safety Office of Applied Science. 3 Jun 2008 <http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nhsda/2k1nhsda/vol1/Chapter3.htm>.
This data was collected by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The survey is about the recency and frequency of people drinking beer, wines, and liquors. The survey distinctly defines one drink in the introduction to the survey. The survey also shows current use, heavy use, and binge use, with binge being the most excessive use. The data the USDHHS collected is very useful data because they used very definite variables. They also addressed many questions and broke their data down into age ranges, sex, race/ ethnicity, education, employment, and type of county. This data could be very useful to research what factors influence young adults and people in general to drink. The charts make it very easy to compare the different age groups. The data gives very clear findings that the 18- 25 age group is the highest binge drinking age. This data could be used to investigate what other factors seem to correlate with that age group and high binge drinking rates.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. A Call to Action: Changing the Culture of College Drinking. National Institutes of Health, 2002.
This document was compiled by the Task Force of the National Advisory Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in April of 2002. The NACAAA is a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The call to action of the project is “changing the culture of drinking at U.S. College campuses.” The document proposes questions of the culture and hypothetical answers. There are also important statistics on the correlation between high-risk drinking and various issues including death, injury, assault, driving, unsafe sex, and violence. A reporter could use the national survey to do a more in- depth story about how a certain University ranks to the national average or an investigative piece on what a specific university is doing to prevent high- risk drinking on their campus.
College Drinking- Changing the Culture. 16 April 2008. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 8 April 2008. www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov
This Web site data base was designed by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to increase college students, their parents, and collegiate institutions knowledge on the risks of alcohol abuse. The site has links with information for college students, parents of college students, college presidents, high school students and high school administration. Each link contains pertinent articles and information to inform the group of problems occurring because of alcohol. Some special features of the site include college alcohol policies, an interactive body, alcohol myths, and calculators to compute your Blood Alcohol Level, how much money you spend on alcohol in a year, and also a calorie calculator. These special features are very insightful and allow young adults to see the true affect drinking has on their body as well as their income.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, “Alcohol and Drug Information”. 3 April 2008. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 7 June 2008. http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/.
This government Web site provides many useful links for parents, the youth, the family, your community, and school. The site holds a collection of informational articles on each of the above topics. There are also multimedia links, quick facts on alcohol abuse, and over 100 Web links provided. The site contains over 100 articles that you must pay for, but this may mean they are highly informational pieces. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services site would be a useful tool for a reporter whose organization would be willing to pay a price for some documents. Because the documents must be paid for, they are not available to the public which may give a reporter an edge over another.
Anheuser- Busch Companies, Inc., One Busch Place, St. Louis, Missouri 63118. 2008. http://www.anheuser-busch.com/index.html
The Anheuser- Busch Brewing Company has been dedicated to responsible drinking for many years. In 2004, the company introduced the “Responsibility Matters” campaign that voices the company’s stance against providing alcohol to minors, drinking and driving, and out of control drinking. The campaign has five individual Web sites that target individual topics including how to talk to college bound students about drinking, family drinking issues, drinking responsibly and also alcohol statistics. These links could be helpful to the different demographics they target. It could also be of interest to a reporter to see if the alcohol distributing company is following through on the issues they stand for.
SABMiller Brewing Company, United Kingdom. 2008. http://www.sabmiller.com/.
The SABMiller Brewing Company is one of the world’s largest brewing companies, with products such as Miller Beers. This brewing company is dedicated to responsibility when drinking their products. Before entering the site, you must enter your birth date in order to verify that you are twenty- one years old. The site contains many links to ways in which the company has worked to promote responsible drinking, including in their advertising campaign and also through working with other companies in the industry. The site tracks the promises from previous years, which could be used by reporters to investigate the validity of the commitments.
The Century Council. 1991. 1310 G Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington DC, 20005. http://www.centurycouncil.org/
The Century Council is funded by America’s leading distillers. The council’s main focuses are underage drinking and drunk driving. The Council works to provide educational programs on alcohol for students as young as middle school to those in college. They also work to pass drunk driving and minor purchasing laws for states. The Council was the main force behind the no- tolerance alcohol level law that has now been passed in seven states. They are also advocates against minor’s purchasing alcohol and have tried to develop promotions against the cause. The Century Council has funded the Alcohol 101 and Alcohol 101 Plus Programs for high school and college students. The Century Council could provide a great resource to find speakers to talk to high school or college students about the risks of underage drinking. The programs that they offer would also be of interest to high schools and college students.
Drug- Free Action Alliance. 1987. 6185 Huntley Rd, Suite P, Columbus, O.H. 43229, (614) 540- 9985. www.drugfreeactionalliance.org/
The Drug- Free Action Alliance is an Ohio agency aimed to promote drug and alcohol free communities around Ohio. The agency also works to collect and provide information for those who are working to stop substance abuse in their communities. They also educate the public about the harm of drug and alcohol abuse and work to bring about awareness of the problem. The Drug- Free Action Alliance of Ohio would be helpful for educators and families that are working to provide a safe and alcohol and drug free environment for their young adults. The agencies Web site provides many links to other sites dealing with the risks of underage consumption.
Koons, Terry, Associate Director of Health Promotion for Substance Abuse & Education at Ohio University, 1 Park Place, Athens, O.H. 45701, (740) 593-4742.
Mr. Koons graduated from Ohio University in 1995 with a health communications degree and went on to get his master’s in education. The Ohio University Health Promotions Office works to encourage health and wellness for the campus. They sponsor seminars on alcohol abuse, sexual activity, and other health related topics. Mr. Koons specifically works in the substance abuse and education area in which he promotes non- alcohol related activities across campus, substance abuse seminars, and counseling for students who have found themselves in alcohol related problems. Mr. Koons would be a useful resource because he has firsthand experience with college students and alcohol abuse. Also he has the appropriate background to inform people on the health aspect of alcohol abuse.
Li, Ting-Kai (T. K.), M.D., Director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane, MSC 9304, Bethesda, M.D. 20892-9304, (301) 443-3860.
Dr. Li has been the director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) since November 2002. Dr. Li went to medical school at Harvard and graduated in 1958. Dr. Li has worked in many hospitals and universities across the country over the past fifty years. He has also written over 400 journal articles and chapters for books. He has done research on the effects alcohol has on the brain and body. Dr. Li has received many awards for his scientific research. Dr. Li would be able to provide valuable information about the biological aspect of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Dr. Li has also done research on alcoholism being genetically based which would be helpful information for a story. He could also explain to me the short and long term effects alcohol has on the body which is very important to all people who are abusing and using alcohol.
Pinsky, Drew, M.D., Substance Abuse Psychologist at Pasadena Recovery Center, 1811 North Raymond Avenue, Pasadena, C.A. 91103, (626) 345-9992.
Dr. Drew Pinsky is a respected doctor who earned his medical degree from the University of Southern California. He has hosted reality TV shows including MTV’s “Loveline” and VH1’s “Celebrity Rehab”. Although these may not seem like the most credible shows, Dr. Pinsky is a well- known expert in the field of relationships and drug and alcohol abuse. He has published three books, appeared on Oprah, the Health Channel, and the History Channel. He also writes articles for USA today and other journals.
Anderson, David S, M.D., Associate Professor and Director, Center for the Advancement of Public Health, Department of Health, Fitness and Recreation Resources, Graduate School of Education, at George Mason University, 4260 Chain Bridge Road Suite A-6, Fairfax, V.A. 22030, (703) 993-3698.
Doctor David S. Anderson currently works at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. At the University, he is a professor for health classes covering topics on drugs, alcohol, community health and other issues. He also organizes nationwide and local conferences on alcohol abuse and prevention. Dr. Anderson is known for his expertise in the area of underage drinking prevention and is also knowledgeable in the areas of accountability, traffic safety, and strategic management. Before his career at George Mason, Dr. Anderson was the Director of Residence Life at Radford University and Ohio University, and a Residence Hall Director at The Ohio State University. He has also co- authored two national surveys and also co- directed the Promising Practices: Campus Alcohol Strategies project. This project then led to a sourcebook and formation of a Task force. Another of Dr. Anderson’s major accomplishments to the field of college alcohol abuse is his contribution to the interactive Web site, Alcohol 101 Plus: Making Safe and Responsible Decisions on Campus. Dr. Anderson would be a valuable source because he has spent a large portion of his life working in college dormitories, a place where a lot of underage drinking occurs. Through his work in the Residence Life Department at various Universities, Dr. Anderson would have learned many reasons students drink and how to help young adults struggling with addition.
Galson, Steven K., Rear Admiral, M.D., M.P.H., Surgeon General for the United States, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20201.
The U.S. Surgeon General “serves as America's chief health educator.” He or she provides health information and statistics for the country to insure the health and safety of the citizens. Galson has served as the U.S. Surgeon General since October 2007. He has worked for numerous government agencies including a researcher for the Food and Drug Administration, the Center for Disease Control, the Department of Energy, and the Department of Health and Human Services. Galson has also received various awards for management and leadership and is a peer reviewer for medical journals. Galson would be a good resource because he has a broad medical background that will allow him to be very knowledgeable on health risks for underage drinking. Also, because he is the Surgeon General, it is his duty to report health risks and benefits to the country and therefore he would be very informed on this issue of alcohol abuse.
